这是下一个大事件吗？如果继续发展下去，有可能。
在 2022 年 PyCon 美国大会期间，作为主题演讲嘉宾之一的 Peter Wang 公布了 PyScript，一种在 HTML 中直接编写 Python 脚本的方法。或许你不知道 Peter，但你可能听说过 Anaconda，这是一种流行的开源的 Python 和 R 语言的发行版本，特别关注数据科学。Peter 正是 Anaconda 的 CEO 和联合创始人。
换言之，PyScript 是由一家著名的科技公司开发的，这可能会保证它在不久的将来成为可行的方案。它在 Python 和 Web 开发者中受到了极大的关注，GitHub 上已有超过 10k 颗 Stars。然而，它是否能成为一个成功的、有竞争力的产品，取决于长期的时间和开发投入。目前，它还有一些已知的缺陷（将在最后讨论）。
闲话少说，让我们快速了解一下这个令人振奋的产品吧！
py-script 标签
我们知道，HTML 文件是大多数网站最常见的元素。在创建网站时，我们的工作就是直接或间接地通过一些框架来编制 HTML 文件。在典型的 HTML 文件中，你会看到各种类型的标签。例如，</code><span style="color: #494949">是整个文档的标题，而</span><code data-type="codeinline"><h1></code><span style="color: #494949">、</span><code data-type="codeinline"><h2></code><span style="color: #494949">等定义了不同级别的内容标题。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">如前所述，PyScript 允许你在 HTML 中编写 Python 脚本，它使用一个特殊的标签</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-script</code><span style="color: #494949">。在这个标签中，你可以嵌入 Python 脚本。要了解它是如何工作的，可以创建一个 HTML 文件，其中包含以下代码，并使用 Chrome 浏览器打开该文件。在 Chrome 浏览器中，你应该能够看到类似下面这样的内容：</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/b7/b7cf3649eb920dfd76b246074c54a8f0.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/d1/d1c8a6e49c89d1695ab45b26f726d77e.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="font-size: 9px">作者截图</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">在上面的代码片段中，你可能已经注意到以下三个关键点：</span></p><ul data-type="bulletedlist"><li data-type="listitem"><p data-type="paragraph"><code data-type="codeinline">link</code>标签定义了一个外部样式表。在这个例子中，我们使用了 PyScript 提供的<code data-type="codeinline">css</code>文件。</p></li><li data-type="listitem"><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">我们使用</span><code data-type="codeinline">script</code>标签来嵌入一个由<code data-type="codeinline">src</code>定义、由 PyScript 托管的外部脚本。我们使用了<code data-type="codeinline">defer</code>，这样脚本会在下载和页面解析完成后执行——本质上是一种延迟执行，而不是实时执行。</p></li><li data-type="listitem"><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">最有趣的部分是</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-script</code>标签。如你所见，<code data-type="codeinline">print("Hello, World!")</code>是 Python 代码。当执行 HTML 文件时，就可以看到代码求值结果。</p></li></ul><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">这很酷，不是吗？如果你不熟悉 Web 开发，但了解 Python，就可以使用 PyScript 嵌入任何有效的 Python 代码。让我们再看一个例子。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/80/80c04d7afe33fd0f4d34f391847a8e75.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/ff/ff83f9e4bfead1f156366ce957063170.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="color: #494949"><span style="font-size: 9px">另一个 PyScript 示例（图片由作者提供）</span></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">在这里，我们写了一些需要计算的代码，可以看到，脚本得到了正确的执行。</span></p><h1 data-type="heading" data-id="heading1"><span style="color: #494949">py-env 标签</span></h1><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">在编写更复杂的代码时，就需要使用第三方库。在这种情况下，我们可以利用</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-env</code><span style="color: #494949">标签。你可能已经猜到的，env 是 environment 的缩写。</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-env</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中列出了运行代码所需的 Python 包。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">你可能知道，许多数据科学家都使用 pandas 进行数据处理工作。让我们看看下面的例子。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/81/81a2e07ff71a317924c7664120862b6e.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/df/df79380011e061d1030cfe721b89989b.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="color: #494949"><span style="font-size: 9px">使用包的 PyScript（图片由作者提供）</span></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">如你所见，我们在</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-env</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中指定了依赖项（即 Pandas），该标签包含在</span><code data-type="codeinline">head</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中。如果页面需要多个依赖项，可以在这里把它们全部列出：</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><div data-type="codeblock"><div data-codeblock-wrap><div data-codeblock-codes><pre lang="text" data-origin="pm_code_preview"><code data-type=codeline><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">py-env</span>></span></code><code data-type=codeline> - pandas</code><code data-type=codeline> - matplotlib</code><code data-type=codeline> - numpy</code><code data-type=codeline><span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">py-env</span>></span></code></pre></div><div data-codeblock-copy>复制代码</div><div data-codeblock-index><div data-codeblock-number="1"></div><div data-codeblock-number="2"></div><div data-codeblock-number="3"></div><div data-codeblock-number="4"></div><div data-codeblock-number="5"></div></div></div></div><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">如你所见，在</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-script</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中，我们确实可以使用 Pandas 库来创建一个</span><code data-type="codeinline">DataFrame</code><span style="color: #494949">对象。然而，当我们把打印出来时就会发现，它是一个单行，而不是一个结构化的数据表。没有一个适当的结构，我们就无法理解这些数据。幸运的是，我们可以使用</span><code data-type="codeinline">write</code><span style="color: #494949">函数（下文会讨论）。</span></p><h1 data-type="heading" data-id="heading2"><span style="color: #494949">将内容写入指定标签</span></h1><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">除了 Python 中的标准打印函数</span><code data-type="codeinline">print</code><span style="color: #494949">，作为脚本的一部分，PyScript 有自己的</span><code data-type="codeinline">write</code><span style="color: #494949">函数，可以将数据发送到页面上指定的 Web 元素中。请看下面的例子：</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/54/548175e28244c2b86e5b35db19bdf9ff.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/f6/f612d73015a7a21224b20561347bf3b2.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="color: #494949"><span style="font-size: 9px">PyScript 写函数 write（图片由作者提供）</span></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">与之前的例子相比，上述代码片段有两个重大变化：</span></p><ul data-type="bulletedlist"><li data-type="listitem"><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">我们现在定义了一个 id 为</span><code data-type="codeinline">"DataFrame"</code>的<code data-type="codeinline">div</code>，这样稍后就可以引用。</p></li><li data-type="listitem"><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">在</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-script</code>标签中，我们创建一个与之前相同的<code data-type="codeinline">DataFrame</code>对象。但现在，我们不是调用<code data-type="codeinline">print</code>，而是调用<code data-type="codeinline">pyscript.write</code>函数，请求 PyScript 处理并在<code data-type="codeinline">"DataFrame"</code>中显示<code data-type="codeinline">DataFrame</code>对象。从输出可以看到，我们现在有一个结构化的表格了。</p></li></ul><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><code data-type="codeinline">write</code><span style="color: #494949">函数不仅能够打印表格，还能够打印数字。下面的例子向你展示了我们如何使用</span><code data-type="codeinline">matplotlib</code><span style="color: #494949">（一个流行的 Python 包，用于数据可视化）来显示由 Python 创建的图。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/67/67aa8e871dffbace046e760e4249ec4d.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/9c/9c5c42ab5a569023ab63df58dfbedcab.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="color: #494949"><span style="font-size: 9px">PyScript 打印图（图片由作者提供）</span></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">如你所见，</span><code data-type="codeinline">write</code><span style="color: #494949"> 函数以期望的方式显示了图。</span></p><h1 data-type="heading" data-id="heading3"><span style="color: #494949">py-repl 标签</span></h1><p data-type="paragraph"></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">Python 学习的最好方法之一是使用 REPL：读取（Read）、求值（Evaluate）、打印（Print）和循环（Loop）。也就是说，使用一个交互式的 Python 控制台，输入一些代码，Python 对其进行求值并打印适当的输出，然后重复这个过程。Web 页面也可以提供这样的 REPL 环境，比如 Jupyter Notebook。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">PyScript 可以使用</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-repl</code><span style="color: #494949">标签提供与此类似的东西。在这个元素中，你可以让用户自己编写代码，也可以以编程方式输入代码。请看下面的例子：</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/b6/b66645cc4bc41c399659afaff9f3d7ee.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph"></p><img src="https://static001.geekbang.org/infoq/a7/a716f3728f2d077ead11eab508d64477.png" alt data-type="image"/><p data-type="paragraph" data-align-center ><span style="color: #494949"><span style="font-size: 9px">PyScript REPL（图片由作者提供）</span></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">如你所见，上图中有一个单元格，其中包括在</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-repl</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中指定的代码。值得注意的是，单元格中的代码可以引用我们之前在</span><code data-type="codeinline">py-script</code><span style="color: #494949">标签中定义的变量。一切看起来都很协调。</span></p><h1 data-type="heading" data-id="heading4"><span style="color: #494949">感想</span></h1><p data-type="paragraph"></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">本文介绍的内容是现阶段 PyScript 所能提供的主要亮点。它似乎是一个很有前途的产品，因为它提供了一个灵活的框架，让 Python 程序员可以在没有太多 Web 开发知识的情况下创建 Web 应用。然而，也有其他类似的成功的产品，因此，竞争会很激烈。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">例如，如果我需要为自己的数据科学项目创建一个 Web 应用，我就会直接使用 Streamlit。它的功能已经相对成熟。请注意，虽然都与 Web 开发有关，但 PyScript 和 Streamlit 属于不同的产品系。PyScript 应该更通用，因为它的目标是让你可以在任何网页上嵌入任何 Python 代码，Streamlit 做不到这一点。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">在 PyScript 为更多的人所接受之前，它有几个问题必须解决。例如，Web 页面的加载速度非常慢。如果你尝试跟随本教程运行代码，可能就会注意到，在 Web 页面的显示会有一个明显的滞后。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949"> </span></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">尽管如此，我还是觉得这个产品会继续发展，我的信心主要来自于它的开发者——给我们带来极好的 Anaconda 工具的 Anaconda 团队。</span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #333333"><i>本文最初发布于 Better Programming。</i></span></p><p data-type="paragraph"></p><p data-type="paragraph"><span style="color: #494949">查看英文原文：</span><a href="https://betterprogramming.pub/running-python-script-on-the-web-using-pyscript-the-next-big-thing-8ace9543d75" title="xxx" data-type="link">Running Python Scripts on the Web Using PyScript</a></p></div></div><!----><!--]--><span></span></div><!----></article><span></span><!--]--><div class=""><!--[--><div class="comment-skeleton" data-v-66ad80be><div class="skeleton-header" data-v-66ad80be><div class="skeleton-title-bar" data-v-66ad80be></div><div class="skeleton-title-text" data-v-66ad80be></div><div class="skeleton-title-number" data-v-66ad80be></div></div><div class="skeleton-form" data-v-66ad80be><div class="skeleton-input" data-v-66ad80be></div><div class="skeleton-button" data-v-66ad80be></div></div><div class="skeleton-list" data-v-66ad80be><!--[--><div class="skeleton-item" data-v-66ad80be><div class="skeleton-avatar" data-v-66ad80be></div><div class="skeleton-content" data-v-66ad80be><div class="skeleton-username" data-v-66ad80be></div><div class="skeleton-text" 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